unlike his contemporaries. The insight at the heart of this work is that Paul integrates an Old Testament literary form—the lament—with an exegetical style of argumentation best known from later rabbinical materials—the midrash—in order to reach a primarily gentile Christian audience. His overall arrangement of lament elements—address (9:1–5), body (9:6–11:32), and formal praise (11:33–36)—shows Paul’s participation in interceding for his people, revealing the heart of God. But rather than use poetry